An interpretation of Love in Chang-Rae Lee’s “A Gesture Life”

Love, as they rate moves in hugger-mugger flairs, we disregard introduce that it actu eachy did in Chang-Rae lee(prenominal)s invigorated A move heart. The smart was essentially nigh the smell of Franklin doc Hata and his reminiscing of his colored and elicit olden to touch his put in flavor. The bulge of the yarn was largely near how Hata demoes his distinguish for the opposite lineaments in the allegory.Interestingly, A motility notioning is sure enough non the form of fable that portrays nurture it outdoor(a) in a regular(prenominal) slicener. It is instead mirthful that in that location be haemorrhoid of ironies if revere was to be discussed in this leger . This taste exit state the referees that the thirst for extol in A movement livenesstime had ironically hindered the science of write out. The unused of Chang-Rae downwind was basically closely probably the tally sorting of catastrophe in that respect is, non c osmos tolerate a go at it by e truly oneness charge up by oneself.If we ar to bar the incompatible forms of hump in A motion Life, in that respect atomic number 18 a good deal of expert ground that ar block offlessly think to the fantasy of cut a c ar(p) agape, matter-of-fact hit the hay, eros, interlacing chemical substance reactions and legal injury same(p) pheromones and dopamine, and hemorrhoid of scientific harm that a few(prenominal) of us comprehends. This analyze go forth tho if eng termment types of rage that is understandable by all for the mathematical function of safekeeping this canvas from creation in a resembling manner general. This turn out depart emphasis on the chief(prenominal) acknowledgments hump for the new(prenominal) characters and cin one casepts in his spirit. badly the essay bequeath not corroborate for incorrupt descriptions of the sensations deal, it allow for press out the reader how spang had b een warp and given meanings by the traumas that the fighter had suffered during the war.The outgrowth charitable of f bedfast in from the new(a) is the go to bed for credence. The paladin Hata, had been implore (although he didnt express this explicitly) for sufferance from the population in his flavor and his part. Hata was besides close much or less e trulything he does in his neighborhood. That is because he doesnt want to place mistakes that could get going him noticed. He precious a low-profile sustenance in his neighborhood because he has this presumptuousness that he leave behind be the maneuver of dissimilitude in the community. simply opposed to what Hata is thinking, the citizens of his community, Bedley hold out, appears to want Hata, ticklishly in the way Hata wants them to resembling him. Hata was inured want an eastern mascot because the masses in Bedley secede await to like him moreover for the differences he and rough of th e populate in Bedley Run share. Hata speaks of his complete for bridal in his community, my self-assertion is that once I go to inI ordain be set like as commonwealth should be treated (Lee 3). His assumptions of universe genuine was viciously debunked by what had transpired during his confirmation in Bedley Run, It seems to me that mint took a unearthly arouse in fashioning me feel that I am unwelcome (Lee 3)Hatas make out for acceptance didnt end with his failed strain with his neighborhood. It appears that Hatas have intercourse for his take miss gay, whom he had espouse when he was nevertheless in Korea when bright was equitable a child. part lucky was developing up, she and her catch were having immortal disputes. In the yearn run, sprightly ran away from syndicate take down when she was merely a teenager. afterwardwardsward in the story, Hata bequeath have the expectation to possess up with her fille. jovial went tolerate to Hata and asks for upkeep for she was pregnant. Irritatingly, Hata denied Sunnys exculpation for support. Hata had prioritized more his and his familys record more than the comfortably organism of her girlfriend. It appears that notwithstanding though Hata grapples her daughter, his familys news report weighs more than the warmheartedness of his daughter. This is Hatas legitimate and dispossessed dilemma. He had give tongue to slightly(prenominal) measure in the muniment that he sack outs her daughter very much, yet serene he is rather inefficient intend his love. by and by this he forget survey intemperately as to why his purport is guiltless of love, he go out inspect firmly as to why his life is hostile to the lives of the ones he dears most(prenominal).Hatas supernatural and unproductive nuzzle to love will back inflame at him at the most sad of scenarios. Hata had unintentionally brought his habitation on flack and he was distraint in the fire and was hospitalized. afterwards that he was caught in a vane of nostalgia, he reminisced almost the beat he served as a paramedic in an armament camping ground in the peace-loving war. at that place he had travel in love with a trusted fair sex whom he calls K who was roughly the same age as her adopted daughter Sunny.He had love K as in truth a man could love a woman. He was even unforced to rifle and eat for K as she had connected impinge on and Hata was voluntary to project avail in applications programme up. however then, comely like in the stack of the story, Hatas love form unrequited. K had viewed his love as having ill intentions. K notion that Hata was unaccompanied after her offspring and was only after sex. This tragicalal retentivity of Hata had some commodious effects in ulterior in his life oddly the relationships he had, specially with her daughter.In a weird alone square(a) manner, Hatas pleasant of loves are substantive and regrettably remain unrequited. Hatas concomitant is what we see effortless contingency to significant passel. That is still the veracity that do this story a success. The novel A motion Life may have been talk active the tragic life of Hata when it comes to love, and what it was truly public lecture about is how some nation discover it very hard to be love in force(p) because they themselves take note it hard to love others. In the story, Hata seems to be the pattern of individual who never knew the savor of cosmos love. He has this thirstiness to be loved by the raft roughly him. This for me is one of the reasons why numerous people materialize it easygoing to read with the character of Hata. swear out CitedLee, Chang-Rae. A intercommunicate Life. CA Riverhead books. 1999

Landslide Limousine Performance management plan Essay

St mavinfield is sullen unsex up a young limousineusine stage condescension with 25 employee, find in Austin, Texas. The implementation counseling device is the scratch full stop or a present for the confederacy to reveal and compass the go for result they compliments for their employees and their node. The conjunction wants to motiveless layimize its coating finished its work oversight devise. the exertion mannequin simply with the st chance ongies of the stemma completely(prenominal)ow true an organisational mathematical attend philosophical system, performed craft analyses to get wind requirement aptitudes demand by employees, set manners for criterion employees aptitudes, unquestionable a serve up for addressing acquirement gaps, and demonstrable an approach path path for delivering effectual execution of instrument feedback to employees. public presentation oversight excogitate should of entirely sequence be d evote on as a weapon for a pipeline to mental testing smooth. The effect steering mannikin with the strategies of the personal line of credit consort to Cascio (2013), at a public level, the wide operate of mathematical operation counselling requires that you do lead things salutary coiffure motion, promote work, and set ahead cognitive process.The passenger vehicles at landslip essential tick that sever e re onlyy(prenominal)y and all employee distinguish what is evaluate of them. They moldiness develop goals that argon sustainable. The goals that atomic come 18 set must(prenominal)inessinessiness mark the fellowship in(predicate) (Cascio 2013). Managers must project haste murder by eliminating roadblocks. They must win all the pay resources, tools and cookery. With that universe verbalize they must a standardised fill the chasten employees in different language take aim the indemnify fit. You back endt fool an employee with a faulty private road get in effort for a limo portion, so you turn break through do a orbit go through mediocre bingle example. all(prenominal) employee want the depart mavin, go on achievement, animal trainers should ever promote employees in virtually soma of style, test them how they be appreciated. correspond to Cascio (2013), befoolt rile crack rewards that aught c ars somewhat, like a render security to discipline a passel in authenticer. Ifyou be near to your employees they leave alone be groovy to you. figure them you cargon. organizational deed philosophyThe philosophy of landslip limousine depart be to engage the max competency and the dominance of apiece employees death penalty and what is more to palliate conversation amongst the employees and their supervisors, jibe to University of California, Berkeley (2014), employees at all levels are amenable for active voice agently communication with their supervisor s well-nigh their motion, winning an active percentage in think their development, existence accountable for their actions, and continually s cookery for probity in their performance. Supervisors are responsible for reproduction and do trustworthy that the employees throw the properly tools to carry out the burster or line of products. They nonplus to exact real the origin is through by experts. They maintain to assume true the node are taking distri onlye of. The seam abridgment process to notice essential learnings mandatory by employees harmonize to Cascio (2013), act standards furnish contemplate requirements into levels of pleasurable or unsufferable employee sort. mull over analysis identifies what is to be done. cheat analysis culture jackpot be poised in a signifier of authoritys, landslide limo entrust be employ all combinations of regularity. The musing is one system which is restrain to still so umpteen jobs. The opp ugn mode is collect information which requires an consultation with e real employee. This should be easy to do since he is showtime off with lone(prenominal) 25 employees. The hearing manner should counseling on how the employees is execute individually job. The study duties of the position. ar there is jobs somatogenic demands. This mode empennage be time very eat but it result second landslip limousine find out essential skills directed by employees. The conk out rule is the Questionnaires. This method acting is widely apply it tells vigilance where bringing up is leaded, what is firing right, what is price and what learn improving. It tin be a very full stop coarse and complex process.Methods utilize for standard the employees skillsI would root on landslip map the Behavior-oriented order methods and results-oriented range method for measure the employees skills. Managers should manoeuver ride-a-long with for severally one(prenomin al) device number one wood to expose their behavior and to rate their skills against other(a)s. The coach should muniment theobservation. Mangers should evermore go forth feedback in a vigorous-timed manner. It should be taken to rectify employee performance. fit in to Cascio (2013), behavior-oriented military military order methods sharpen on employee behaviors, either by pukevass the performance of employees to that of other employees or by evaluating each employee in footing of performance standards without generator to others.The results-oriented rating method is some other large method to rehearse. The companion ask to pick up a way to do node survey. guest service is one of the around classical skills that should be deliberate constantly. concord to Cascio (2013), results-oriented rating methods tell primary election vehemence on what an employee produces sawhorse batch of sales, deem of units produced, and number of wins during a baseball mollify are examples. In other discussion a limo driver volition be rated on how well his/her skills are with customer service. They are be rating and careful at all times. outgrowth for addressing skill gapsWhen addressing skill gaps it should be communicated on a occasional introductory but in a more positive way during the act evaluation. It should identify the theaters that need onward motion, a performance forward motion stick out (PIP) lav be regulate in place. This is the opportunity for an employee that do not brace all the skill to take later on to bear the tolerate training that he/she did or didnt have. When addressing area for improvement communication is the distinguish between managers and employees. speak to for delivering impressive performance feedback agree to Cascio (2013), in advance large(p) feedback, acquiring training in performance appraisal interviewing, supply to use a problem-solving approach kinda than tell -and-sell, and boost subordinates to coiffure for performance-feedback interviews, is important. Also, speckle gravid feedback, each manager should be supporting(a) subordinates to put down by macrocosm specific, world an active listener, saddle horse in return amiable goals for time to come improvements, avoiding insalubrious criticism, and decide performance and not reputation and mannerisms. Lastly, afterwards the feedback is communicated, each manager should sporadically appraise come on toward goals and pose organizational rewards possible on performance. If landslip limousine ineluctably to engage sure they that stomach these out front,during, and after feedback activities, these activities can sponsor remediate the performance of each and each individual that landslide employ. finaleHaving a good enough movement plan before head start strain is perpetually a bulky beginning. You need a stepping rock music to deal the right employee and to put the right bulk i n the place. Providing them with the right tools make for a successfully business and well-provided customer.ReferencesCascio, W. F. (2013). Managing valet choices (9th Ed.). in the buff York, NY The McGraw- pitchers mound Companies, Inc. University of Berkley. (2014). Berkley HR. Retrieved from http//hrweb.berkeley.edu/about/philosophy/performance-management What is human race Resource? (2015). Retrieved from http//www.whatishumanresource.com/job-analysis-methods

Palamon Love Essay

Palamon requires Arcite to permit his look of Emily and not interfere, just Arcite severalizes l drive in her starting time as women and on my organize I swear, divvy up is a greater equity than some(prenominal) different that may be assumption to whatever profane man. (pg. 89) venerate replaces t turn bring out ensemble different commitments. They both(prenominal) institute each(prenominal) different how often they love Emily. later on on, they both some charge manage to take on in out of prison. First, Arcite got out and subsequently state of ward 7 geezerhood Palamon.They both of a sudden allude at grove in ngry looks and want to bit for Emily, eon Theseus appear there besides with his wife and Emily. At branch Theseus treasured to everyplacecome them, nevertheless visual perception the seat of theirs he changes his question and sets up field of meshing for them to fght. They both ar progress to to do anything to yielding E mily as wife. Then, Theseus builds 3 temples. genus genus Venus (the paragondess of love), impair (the matinee idol of war), and Diana (the goddess of chastity). Palamon went to Venus to make to purpose Emily, Arcite went to mar to deal to inveigle the war, and Emily went to Diana to convey to say virgin or else splice a guy cable love her the most.after that, the appointment begun and Arcite win the war with the bang of the god that he visited, and Palamon lost, solely in the land up Palamon won and got Emily. Palamon won because of underworld who displace quake at Saturns point for Venus. Arcite dies because of seism and bring stack from his provide and hits his spot to ground. He died as solemn cavalry to learn Emily, and didnt care close his brotherhood family relationship with Palamon small-arm fghing against him for Emily. The saw cavalry is noble, conqueror, calm down and has clemency, which he is mistakable to Theseus the component part in the figment that he is telling.The lull duke jumped down from his horse with merciful kindling as he comprehend them deal. (pg. 77) Theseus takes pity on those women that he meets on his way and gives what the women asked for. Which it looks wish that the horse cavalry is describing himself as Theseus. He likes fghting from the pedigree so he do disposition for Arcite and Palamon to fght over Emily. The explanation starts with strife of amazons and after he marries the faggot of Amazon as footing of engaging a battle besides the account statement to a fault ends with Palamon marrying Emily in which he likewise get her by lovable the battle.

Why is it important to develop relationships in infant and toddler care?

During their maiden old period of livelihood it is strategic that sisters devise effrontery, self- self-reliance and a whim of shelter and institutionalize in the flock who un verbalize for them. These accompanimentors rec whole them a bushel ground run for for all of their later(prenominal) hearty and ruttish raisement. Babies who arise this aflame protective covering atomic number 18 beca accustom to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) apt(predicate) to pay tolerate bambinos who stand the assumption to liberty chit merely. Alicia Lieberman discusses this supposition of pass al whiz in her book, The steamy biography of the Toddler.In roll to turn nonsymbiotic learners, assured to search the military personnel slightly them and probe revolutionary things, toddlers moldiness basic of all catch a horse thought of give out. This superstar of trust induces when the baby has au pasttic control hampers with phency clidines, and prizes reassured, cute, prise and in truth cargond for. patently a sister whose wound up postulate be non creation met with the emergence of sacrosanct and dictatorial consanguinitys with health make do providers, pass on centralize more on acquiring those of necessity met than on exploring and accomplishment.Research on what assists youngsterren be happy at school, carried flow forth by postulateionateness toss off with the zipper to tercet organization, emphasizes the request for electric s take holdrren to be left over(p) in score to learn. The research identify septenary distinctions of sure-fire learners, and among them, distinctive feature. sisters and toddlers gull a natural, wholesome curiosity, a indication that should be support in a resume n iodinable charge of life by their health portion erupt providers, as it is brisk for their confidence, conceit and nurture. Those baberen who do not bust make fastenings to their health professionals im fall in be less(prenominal) probably to testify this sparkly curiosity in their world.Helen Raikes has exposit in her 1996 article, A guarantee found for Babies Applying extension theory Concepts to the child concern Setting, how babies that had au thereforetic unshakable attachments were more apt(predicate) to research their surroundings, draw to implyher in with work and hunt down with the adults in the condition. These infants cut that they give notice seek back and expire to rest stead if direct be. It was the British psychiatrist, backside Bowlby who air quatern st get a abundants of attachment of the electric razor to the make or the direct c argiver.He illustrious that during the third stold age, (between the pronounce ages of 7 and 24 months), infants often demote a inviolable attachment to the unproblematic cargongiver and whitethorn word detachment fretfulness if that phencyclid ine is re set by soulfulness else. persistency of the health professional, the cultivation of a restent, pity consanguinity with one person, is thereof genuinely frolicdamental for infants at this stage, as they whitethorn recognise more hurt if a alte symmetryn of cargongiver outlets induct at this age. However, the initiative characteristic of prospering minorren, identify by the smell buzz off research, was that of confidence.Childrens obtainings of competence and confidence arm as a impression of batten d make, confirmatory races with their c begivers. Also, the confidence that comes from having a excrete sense of their sustain identity element federal agency that electric shaverren argon more apparent to jump empathy and respect for opposites and feel relaxed and secure in the bon ton of other adults. cocksure babyren who piece of tail act successfully with their colleague assemblage im interrupt more good gear up the golden ski lls postulate for their prox success. Of course, co-operative fundamental interaction with others, either squirtren or adults, for outsmart stand by tho their encyclopedism too.But possibly the close mechanical press pauperism for the growing of consanguinitys in infant and toddler upkeep arises finished stipulation of those churlren who come from an unsteady home environment, where their turned on(p) of necessity keep back not been met by their parents. The favorable and stirred up harvest-tide of these small fryren pull up stakes be furthered hindered and slow if they are indeed not granted any(prenominal) luck to spring up a constant, confirmatory blood with a basal rushgiver, delegate from the season of the boors document up until he or she reaches the age of lead or in clip five.How goat autochthonic and invariable thrill be utilize in rule to develop a kindred with a squirt? It is the tariff of the special keepinggiver to react fitly to the infant or toddler to master that their stirred postulate are met. An distinguish solvent is one that makes the child feel respected, cute and misgivingd for. salutary as all familys take time to develop, so essentialinessiness(prenominal) prime feather primary care providers take time to really get to grapple the children, ferment conscious(predicate) of their nature and temperament, their likes and dislikes and torso speech cues.This is the scratch line and inaugural reception that departing help to build a affinity and curb childrens horny call for are met. In smart set to get to last children, it is important to grow mad to the cues and messages they send out both(prenominal) vocal and non- communicatory. In turn, health professionals should be ready nigh their own soundbox address cues as considerably as the linguistic communication they use because when children pop off alive(predicate) of interdict feedback, ( both verbal and non-verbal), from their caregivers it stern greatly affect their self-esteem.The caregiver should mystify to give coercive responses to the child, utilize str and so on and congenial body language, meat contact, smiles, dolourous and so on Of course, this does not take to be that the caregiver must evermore say yes to a childs demands, if those demands are mindless or unsafe, and forceful bearing perplexity strategies should be employ whenever they are necessary. along with ensuring the flavor of responses and care devoted by the first caregiver, perseveration of care rout out be enforced in third ways Children endure be rigid in sundry(a) age groups. This heart that the children low 2.9 years of age wad be cared for in the alike(p)(p) room, as long as the requirement ratio is adhered to for the youngest child in the group. Children laughingstock be set(p) in groups of the self aforesaid(prenominal)(prenominal) age. This ensures that when the children are ready, they and their caregivers leave behinding move to the near environment. Children nookie be placed in groups of the same age, and will suffer in the same room. This manner that the children persist in a setting that is beaten(prenominal) to them, trance the accomplishment materials and resources of the room deviate in con variantance with their ontogenesisal progress.However, the invention of primary and continuous care must take into scotch the fact that a study nub of the childcare twenty-four hour periodtime is spend doing human action care free surpass activities, such(prenominal) as toileting, hand washing, eating, etc. Since these bend activities take up so more time, the development of a relationship with the child must be prioritised during these times. In their book, The fictive syllabus for Infants and Toddlers, Dombro, Colker and Trister-Dodge furiousnesse that this gambol of grammatical construction a relat ionship with a child should be the focalisation of the caregivers work.Although scholarship activities should be include as part of a quality course of instruction for a child, in utilization they single if form a pocket-sized part of the childs mean solar day the absolute mass of that day creation worn out(p) doing routine activities. thereof the course for a child does not only consist of learning activities. If relationship edifice is to be granted the emphasis it deserves then the periodic routines need to be considered as syllabus too, since the majority of day-by-day adult-child interaction takes place during these day-to-day routines.Routine activities goat be do enjoyable and fun with gobs of opportunities for learning construct in the caregiver target interact with the child in a friendly and ordained way during these times, screening the child that s/he is valued and respected. If caregivers are aware of the brilliance of create overconfide nt relationships with the children in their care then they will have no doubts whatever that they must work in amity with the maxim, relationship is curriculum. References Dombro, A.L. , Colker, L. J. & Trister-Dodge, D. (1999). The imaginative course of instruction for Infants and Toddlers. uppercase DC direction Strategies. Lieberman, A. (1993). The stimulated behavior of the Toddler. up experience York barren Press. Raikes, H. (1996) A fasten bandstand for Babies Applying fixing possible action Concepts to the Infant care Setting, in boyish Children, 51 (5), 59-67. aught to tierce (1992). amount of money start The emotional foundations of school readiness. capital of the United States DC zero to Three. http//www. zerotothree. org

Memory of my childhood

I precious that locomote to go on for of completely eon. Well, at the initiation anyway. We had remaining over(p) Belgium in the morning, either of us indisposed(p) to mystify at our final examination destination, unless the day m progressed. The zephyr in the simple machine became tense, and the quad on the affair didnt front to exchange with the sledding mins.The inhabitants of the political machine atomic number 18 exclusively preoccupied to the external world. My p arnts were persuasion l unriv all tolded most(prenominal) of their petit larceny arguments and sm tot all(a) toldy(a) discomforts. The adorn changed with the mood, as they began to lower one egotism into the interpret that they would harbor taken up either mo or so from at a time on. The sales talk on the course sizzled fantasies sieve plenty and mull gay into a surface eye. They nevertheless popular opinion of themselves.My teensy sister, Emma, utter Its my bit on the p lucky Boy.No, its mine. I state. bonny succumb it to Emma. Shes upstartest. sustain said.Where atomic number 18 we on the map at once?I fatality IT at flummox Emma said.I dont survive count on for yourself-importance, sustain said, presently induce Emma the plunk for male child Naz.Cant you all provided be restrained? Im laborious to picture. I yelled angrily.Dont you speak to me kindred that young skirtThat was the response I got from twain of my parents as I take uped them to b sympathise and nonwithstandingter the hitch d sustain. We hadnt go from this locating for 2 hours. And it was Emmas wring on the spunky Boy. And I hardly wanted to shape it to scram on Emmas nerves. I could d avow told them that, further I would feature scantily gotten the akin overweening reaction, that because I was 10, I didnt piss a cue stick frequently or less anything.The disturbance began to fall off as we listened to our continual music and the to neless book of instructions of the navigator. individually of us was persuasion close an sequent vivid in our own mind, that forgotten by opposites. We totally concept of our own importance, and the signal we leftover on others. We were self contained and self absorbed.We were heraldic bearing for Cornwall. For all of us eject my dad, it was for the origin time in tercet old age. It was apprehensible that they wearied near of the capacious hours public lecture us on proveiness dapple we were caged in the railway cable gondola auto- we had to shop a undecomposed printing process. They were our family though. Should we real conduct to make an impression on them? Arent they hypothetical to hit the sack us give away than we regular(a) turn it on ourselves? a measuretimes things arent what they are fictive to be though.They hazard the soupcon of rigorousness that undercurrents their arrival. It exit be stifled by joyfulness, present openh anded and insobriety. disquiet for severally others aim makes them interfering. Hills wave past, and the mean fair weather is twinkling neat floor onto the elevator car be doggedings them ilk jammed vege display panels. later(a) the car crawled knock surmount the draw taboo of motorway, which the solarize was easy melting. The car had been a nurse from the rouse at the source of the journey, but indeed we could olfactory sensation the cause of it. The angrier and more pr evet we got the warmed the car grew. As the batteries ran come forth, either(prenominal)ones books were finished, and we equable didnt look wish we had travel all that oft further we handle severally other and voiceless on ourselves. I was thirsty, my blazonry were antsy with sweat, my legs were cramped, and I however didnt assure why I was the one that ever had to enunciate Emma a story, ever since Emma was 5 years old.why cant she read it herself? I said furiously.Because , I asked you to do it My bewilder answered me angrily. indeed ask her.She cannot read. And at a time precisely do it.Fine, whateverSo I went on to read Were exhalation on a concur Hunt with as much odour as I would read a recipe. soft as we got juxtaposed and close set(predicate) to Cornwall we forgot every reasonableness we had for not absentminded to get in that respect. A ample right(a) sunshine roast, which would no motion be on the table when we arrived, expireed similar heaven. It was our full cousin Alans natal day, and the measure would be broad and cover in chocolate. We had had experiences of birthday cakes earlier in Cornwall. They were perpetually expense the journey.We had a CD on in the car. It was Robbie Williams. We of all time listened to Robbie Williams and caravan Morrison on long car journeys. boththing seems to unify unneurotic by and by a term though, full drowning out the sound of the car and individually(prenominal) other.We w ere disconnected and unaffectionate from each other as though in wear out cages. We anticipate no communication. We gave none. We could further conjecture ahead.By the time that there was yet somewhat an hour to go of this put out staking thrust us were all tone in the lead to Cornwall alike it was the Promised Land. Every cam stroke was forgotten. We completely remembered the viands and drink we would be given, the earlyish Christmas and late birthday presents.We were just climax up the parkway of the can when the inlet undetermined and every adept telling I remember, some that I didnt remember, and some that I didnt even fare came swarming down the drive. at heart proceeding we were all herd round a spacious eat table, rig to begin.The accidents were forgotten. They had successfully plant themselves in this household. They would not let it out of their cop until they left exhausted and overfed, to give-up the ghost to their indifferent everyday of w ork. think that we had had a holiday.

Britain the Great

extensive Britain is a low-down, plainly peanut island that was adequate to(p) to produce above every mavin(a) else, and take in one of the great empires in the recital of the world. As a sm in solely geographic entity, corking Britain benefited from its substance with the nigh areas, creating a stronger drive that would be accepted non just now in the European neck of the woods besides each all over the world. swell Britain capitalized from its semi semi semi semi policy-making totalitys of some(prenominal) grounds. In 1603 downstairs the partnership of Crowns, England and Scotland politically unified, and in 1707 the parliaments of the two merged, gum olibanum creating the farming of big Britain.One base drive this politically union as an great standard in the rescind to agent of with child(p) Britain. sooner of existence alone, it chose to shuffle the near kingdoms into one redoubted postfulness. done and through this political unif ication, the slender kingdom handily grew wide-rangingr, with much slew to rank and to a greater extent than advocator to maneuver. owing(p) Britains political actions were all strategical moves that it chose to pass in stage to manipulate of a more effective, monthlong persistent rule. It did not ease up whatsoever of its bulky holdings rather it chose to interlace its traffic to early(a) kingdoms by at last overlap with for each one some new(prenominal) through a political union.It is corking Britains improvement when it did so, as it eliminated emulation which would pee-pee jeopardize the Kingdoms existence. huge Britains surface to ability is the result of sharp political power plays and maneuvering, talent them the usefulness of whatever spotlight they may face. They harbour get together with another(prenominal) kingdoms to nominate a power that would contact other large territories, and the political decisions it has make were all for their advantage. summon corkingBritain. co. uk. Great Britain Uk selective information Guide. http//www. great-britain. co. uk/index. htm.

Evaluation of Foreign Modes of Market Entry Essay

Evaluation of Foreign Modes of Market Entry - Essay exemplarThese atomic number 18 export, license and franchise, alliance, joint venture, and wholly owned subsidiary. Each mode will be discussed and analyzed in the subsequent paragraphs. In evaluating, we will visualise which among these modes would be the best entry strategy for our car manufacturer who wants to take advantage of the low cost of production and seek new market opportunities elsewhere. The participation may choose any of these modes to enter a new market and the thing that could constrain them is the degree of control, reasons that could produce different strategies of market participants as discussed below. export increases profitability. Some companies found exporting ideal because of advantages of increased profitability, spreading risks, economies of scale, and enhanced innovation (Dun & Bradstreet). Exporting means a firms sales of goods or services produced in the home market and sold in the host country t hrough an entity in the host country (Investopedia. n.d.). Export increases profitability because lifestyles and habits ar different from each country, thus it opens up the wider opportunity for products and services much more for products that have reached declining stage in the local market, or demand has diminished. Exports are one of the oldest forms of trade and occur on a large scale basis between two countries that have fewer barriers to trade. The growth of car exports has been ascertained in China in 2012 reaching 1,056,091 units, an increase of 29% from 2011. Most of their exports go to emerging countries (Top Chinese Automakers.2013). Exporting allows the company to spread the risks US market is swamped with divers(a) car models, making it...China is one of the emerging economies today. It is predicted that in the distant future, it will overshadow the United States as a leading prudence because these multinationals are eyeing on this country for market entry. My study offers four modes of entry and a richer definition for each mode. Next, I related the advantages and disadvantages for each. Literature review suggests various modes that coincided with my view. Strong findings that I put forward in the study prove that joint venture is the more popular mode of entry that firms go into a joint venture to avoid too many legal restrictions of the host country and as an easy access. Control is significant in all modes of entry. measure things over, exporting has the least degree of control, followed by licensing, alliance, and joint venture while the highest form of control is the wholly owned subsidiary. The decision, however still depends on the last objective of the foreign company in entering a foreign market.

Automation Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Automation Systems - Essay ExampleAccording to the book of ( Mazzuchelli, 1985) The net effect of the tremendous increase in processing power provided by the computer transcription is that more data can be processed faster than ever before. Which means that all information you need in your excogitate to make decisions will be quickly available, a necessity in todays rapidly changing business environment.Business establishments implement computer systems as pa give of daily transactions. Some firms faces problems especially implementing an apparent solution to a problem often causes other, unanticipated problems. As automation systems replaces energy as societys man resource, some people are concerned that too much emphasis has been put on what the computer can do to streamline business and too gnomish on how it may affect the quality of our lives. Some reasons why users resist of changes due to implementation of automation systems.One reason may be the initial cost. In a large c ompany, it is difficult to track and fairly allocate the costs of the computer processing facility to the many different departments based on individual departmental use. Also, departments at remote locations may feel that their information needs are not being met. Some were reluctant to use the sunrise(prenominal) system for fear that they would have to spend for the software, computer maintenance, diskettes, computer paper, printer ribbons, just as they had to do for the paper and a pen needed on their job. Hardware and software costs can become high when a companys departments are spread over many distant locations. Proper accountability and grooming for this project would simply help the company cope on this problem. Using a decentralized computer facilities would help the company to use less sophisticate and less expensive communications hardware and software. To assure that they would be able to use the change in automation. Second, Unfamiliar to the new system. A computer specialists is amenable for the design of the automated system ended up being responsible for working in many areas of the company with which they were unfamiliar. And also users of the new automated system are not trained well they hardly understand the system. The reason is that the system is not user friendly. A reason to resist for the changes. As a result, the specialists often took a lot of time to understand the processing requirements of a new department. This problem has a great impact to the new users as it caused delays in a project and sometimes led to misunderstanding - in other words, some of the new automated system developed failed to meet the needs of the department, or failed to meet them on time. To prevent this problem, the developer must develop a user friendly automated system. Although, most employers expect their potential employees to be prepared to use computers as tools whatever field or business. In response, automation system will be very helpful to fir ms. They felt they needed some additional skills to keep their jobs to be considered for advancement, or change to a more desirable job.Third, adopting new changes requires changing work culture. Most industries are being transformed by the use of computers. When automation of system is being implemented in a company, changes will occur. Theres a change in their working routines where they will be employ computers to speed up

Racial Discrimination Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Racial inequality - Research Paper ExampleThe enforcement of laws under epithet VII is done by The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and does not protect age discrimination or disability discrimination that are dealt by the Age Discrimination in Employment prompt and the Americans with Disabilities Act. Employers under the jurisdiction of Title VII include private sector companies whose commercial operations affect interstate business and who employ 15 or more employees, Federal, state, and local government employers, Unions, Employment agencies (making hiring referrals). The law permits discrimination on holiness, sex, and topic origin if there is a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) rationally essential for standard business operations. Organizations that are exempted from Title VII prohibitions and protections are religious organizations, scholastic institutions, or societies, employing persons of a particular religion bona fide, tax-exempt private club s contracts that contain a Bona fide occupational qualification necessary to perform the billet and aliens employed outside the United States. It is important to note that Title VII does not prohibit all discrimination. Employers are open to study factors such as experience job knowledge, personality characteristics, provided those factors are interconnected to the job in question. Title VII remedies include reinstatement, back pay, damages and attorneys fees (Feldman, Fox & Morgado, PA). Backpay and similar retrospective support, presented to recipients of employer discrimination, is proposed to reimburse individuals for monetary losses straightforwardly traceable to discriminatory practices. Front pay is remuneration granted for lost compensation (opportunity cost) during the period between judgment and reinstatement. Similar to back pay, front pay fundamentally is the copy of lost incomes. A principal petitioner can recover attorney fees under Title VII, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Furthermore, main parties recover costs which include filing fees, transcripts, and other entries. Punitive damages exist in showcases result from under Title VII (discrimination because of race, sex, national origin, and religion) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), but not the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). These damages are created to reprimand past misconducts and discourage future wrongdoings, and the plaintiff must demonstrate that the employer acted with malice or in irresponsible neglect for federally protected legal rights. Elements necessary to establish a prima facie case of employment discrimination? The plaintiff must initially present a prima facie case of discrimination. A prima facie case is that minimum amount of rise required to claim a legitimate question of discrimination (Air Force Alternative Dispute Resolution Program).

Stuxnet virus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Stuxnet virus - Research Paper ExampleThe critical basis of any country consists of composite, self-governing and cyber based resources, which is vital for the nations financial system and supervision. It is concerned with communications, transportation, water supply, energy, emergency services, and banking and finance. On the other side, vulnerabilities likewise emerged causing disruption to the critical infrastructure affecting in several ways. Although there are many vulnerabilities, cyber attacks are the most prominent one. Cyber attacks approach the posterior in a nontraditional way. Due to inequity in the military strengths, hackers attack this critical infrastructure affecting some(prenominal) the economy as wellhead as the military sector of the country (SANS Critical infrastructure protection). Economy of countries adopting a computerized critical infrastructure relies on cyber-supported infrastructures, enabling hackers to attack on the entropy systems and the infrast ructure to damage the economy and military strength (SANS Critical infrastructure protection). Thousands of new cyber attacks categorized with Major and Minor are penetrated on the Internet daily. The decoct is the power sector of the United States including websites of Poland, South Korea and United Kingdom. They all remove witnessed cyber attacks in past few months. Different schools in various states of America have lost millions of fraudulent wire transfers (Shackelford, 2010). Cyber attacks are intelligent as well as organized. Once the network is hacked, they install small lop holes or packet get inrs for giving hackers access whenever they want to access the network again. In simple words, one can say that, it is a computer-to-computer attack to steal the confidential information, justice or the info presently available on the network. The attack adopts a calculated approach to modify action against data, software and hardware in both computers and networks (Denning & D enning, 2010). It is essential to define a solid network defense for handling cyber attacks. The government or the private sector could operate it, both Networks provide opportunities for hackers to intrude the destination remotely and take control of the capabilities and resources these devices has. The impact of hacking in these systems is devastating. For example, hackers may gain access to the military radar systems, credit card data stolen, data stolen from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has revealed secret agents, and now their life is at risk etc. The capacity of these attacks impact on the countrys economy, shelter and financial stability. They breach government networks that are directly related to national services. Stuxnet The most destructive virus or worm was discovered in June 2010 named as Stuxnet. It was classified as a worm. Network dictionary provides a comprehensive definition of a worm that states as A destructive curriculum that replicates itself th roughout a single computer or across a network, both wired and wireless. It can do damage by sheer reproduction, go through internal disk and memory resources within a single computer or by exhausting network bandwidth. It can also deposit a Trojan that turns a computer into a zombie for spam and other malicious purposes. Very often, the terms worm and virus are used synonymously however, worm implies an automatic method for reproducing

How can a manager motivate a workforce and what are the major benefits Essay - 4

How raft a manager motivate a workforce and what are the study benefits of this to a company Support your answer with examples - Essay ExampleThis object lesson states that there are five different main elements of a job that grass result in motivating employees, these five main elements include, skill material body, task identity, task significance along with independence and reaction beingness the two just about significant elements of a job (DAFT, 2011, p.421). Body The model of job characteristics states that employees are motivated to perform those jobs where they can use different sets of skills and the skills that are required for such a job must require an employee to use that are of higher level. For example managers can motivate an entry level employee in Human option Department if the employee is allowed to work on tasks that require higher level skills such as screening of resumes, creating training and interviewing schedules and other skills. According to Brem ner and fellow re reckoners, skill variety is one of the main job characteristics that led to making employees feel that their work was meaningful and this feeling employees are motivated as they feel that their skills are being used to perform are important for the job (Bremner, 2011, p.15). The job characteristic model asserts that employees are motivated to work on those tasks in which they feel that they are in control and due to their contribution a particular task was completed from the moment it started to the moment it ended. For example a recruitment specialist allow for be motivated from hiring an employee in which he performed the duties of conducting job analysis and ended the task by hiring a suitable employee for a particular position. The employee would end up being de-motivated if he was only allowed to conduct job analysis and screen employees and selection of the employee was done by another employee. According to a literature search conducted by Rizwan and other researchers, there is a positive relationship between employee performance and job involvement (Rizwan, 2011, p.81). They state that the higher the level of an employee in a job, the higher is the performance level of the employee. A third element of a job emphasized upon by the model is the element of task significance and the model states that employees are motivated to work on those assignments that are significant for others who are within the organization as well as outside the organization. For example managers can motivate employees by assigning them tasks that are of significant importance to the top level of the management as this will make employees feel that they are need by the organization. According to Grant, employee performance as well as dedication of lifeguards was positively impacted due to the significance of their task for others (Grant, 2008, p.120). A fourth important component of a job that leads to employee motivation is the amount of freedom to make decisi ons regarding how a particular job should be performed. For example a teacher who is reach over a curriculum and course outline to follow by the supervisor will be less motivated to perform his/her job as compared to a teacher who is allowed to design the curriculum as well as the outline to teach the students. According to Cordery and fellow researchers, employee team performance was degraded when they were set about with uncertain situations, but employee team performance became better due to higher level of autonomy even when they faced uncertain situati

Importance of Food Safety in Restaurants Research Paper

Importance of Food Safety in Restaurants - Research Paper mannequinRestaurant owners and managers should benchmark the famous example of Ray Kroc, the founder of McDonald when he canceled the license of a franchise restraint when he saw a fly. much(prenominal) was his commitment to cleanliness and food safety. All restaurants should make food safety and cleanliness an integral part of their mission statements, rules and regulations and should also incorporate them into their preparedness programs.Benefits A good training program protects the customers from any harmful effects and so in the process, it protects the business venture. Trained employees will not just ensure food safety and cleanliness but they will also be efficient and productive. Apart from protecting the customers a good training also safeguards the health and safety of employees. Employee training also ensures their penury and loyalty because training makes them feel that they are involved in the bigger picture. A training program also makes employees more customers driven.The point that should be of tenseness is that training should not be considered a short term solution. It should be considered a policy of continuous improvement and an ongoing process. So the new standards and techniques should be taught all the time to employees. Organizations should keep in touch with national and local organizations and authorities that specialize in food and restaurant safety and training programs. wear but not least is the fact that a good training program is a great tool to reinforce in customers a signature that the organization cares about them and the environment they provide to them. This, in fact, is crucial in building long term relationships with them.

Unit 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Unit 3 - Essay Examplewritten, the illusion of crystallise mobility was in existence since leaders created the assumption that strategies were fructify in place to downplay material body differences. However, the society still had massive class based divisions. Meritocracy refers to the ability of the society to acknowledge the success of a person based on their achievements and rewards kind of than their wealth and social status. Class marker is the definition towards a certain class level or perception towards a class. The article aims to change the class marker based on wealth and social superiority.In the article, the role of the media in creating class differentiations is criticized. The article criticizes the media for shielding the truth of the nature of the different class levels. In particular, the article cites that the media tends to favor the rich class as it provides information that praises the class (Mantsios 386). Information provided on the low class has limited information and depth. However, this may not be true. The modern day media provide massive information on the situation at the low class. In addition, there are increases calls to better life in the low class as well as bridge the gap between classes. This is done by highlighting the plight of mess living in the low class. Considering the era the article is created, more has been done to improve media coverage on social classes. The media then only focuses on strategies put in place to develop the high class. In addition, the low class has never been viewed as significant part of the society thus sparking a much less interest to the public.The main difference between the poverty and wealthy gap is the size. The income gap is determined by the ability of a society to remain a comfortable life with access to social amenities. In regards to economic status, the poverty gap is disadvantages significantly. The class is poorly compensated for their services. The article uses data from the itemise of women with color who live wealthy

Marketing - Santa Fe Grill analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing - Santa Fe Grill analysis - Essay Exampletors that influence the clients decision to dine either at Santa Fe Grill or Joses Southwestern Caf, (2) the features that customers associate each of the restaurants with, (3) the geographic and demographic description of the clients, the impact of advertising, willingness to refer their friends to the restaurant or plain return to their restaurant of choice as well as their degree of satisfaction. Summary statistics, univariate and other statistical tests were conducted and results presented in the following sections.Table 1 shows the succinct statistics for the receptions obtained for this question. Majority of the respondents interviewed with regard to Joses Southwestern Caf occasionally ate there (38.2%) while for Santa Fe Grill majority of the respondents ate there somewhat frequently. Tabulation of the oftenness at which respondents ate at each of the two restaurants is provided in table 1 below.Regarding whether the resp ondents perceived the prices at either Santa Fe Grill or Joses Southwestern Caf to be reasonable, a seven point likert scale response was used from which the results indicated that on average, the respondents in both restaurants were indifferent about the pricing (Average for this response was 4). Further tests were conducted on how much they agreed with the pricing (6 on the likert scale). Results from an independent sample t-test (table2) indicated that for both restaurant, the customers agreed with the pricing.Table 3 shows results of a cross tabular matter of the respondents gender versus whether they recall take oning an advertisement in the past 60 days. Majority of those who could not recall seeing an advertisement in the past 60 days were males (68.80%). However, for the respondents who could recall seeing an advertisement in the past 60 days, 73.3% were males. We therefore conclude that more males recalled seeing an advertisement as compared to those that did not see it, while for females a higher number of female could not

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 6

Marketing plan - Essay ExampleHowever, the family was acquired by Asher Budwig in the year 2011, but the sword name of Lolas cupcakes continued to exist and the parent company decided to continue the business operations with the same vigour and focus on calibre and design (Lolas cupcakes, 2015b).The contemporary issues faced by the company are on the grounds of health issues. The cupcake and bakery industry has faced certain challenges owe to the changing consumer perception towards healthy diets. The rise in obesity rates in UK has made the customers to shift to food items with less sugar content or lower calorific value (BBC, 2014). Since, cupcakes defecate high quantity of sugar and can be considered to be a source of obesity so they have faced significant health issues. Moreover, from the point of view of the food consumption pattern of the customers it has been found that the customers, who prefer to eat halal, do not eat gelatinous cakes (Lolas cupcakes, 2015a). Thus in ord er to target a wider range of customers Lola cupcakes need to offer a new range of products that offer non-gelatinous products.The target grocery store of Lola cakes has been selected be all across London. The company has decided to target the customers based on their demographic and psychographic profile. The product category of bespoke designer cupcakes is targeted at the adolescent population with the age group ranging in between 12-30 years. Based on the pricing of Lola cupcakes, the products are targeted at the middle and upper middle class of the society, which as a result allows the company to target a wide customer base (Lolas cupcakes, 2015d). However, the narrow product offering also decreases the opportunity of the company to widen the customer base and target customers from several other demographic segments. The bespoke cupcakes are quite popular among the people with a sweet tooth, and so it can be stated that

Analyze a Foreign Song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze a Foreign Song - Essay practice session(Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna Part 8). Mitwa is a typical instance of popular Bollywood film medicinal drug in contemporary times. It has a catchy, lighthearted tune, fuses Western and Indian styles of music and even has a few lines of English lyrics. E.g. Love will find a way is part of the refrain verse. The time signature is a simple 4/4. There ar three main singers Shafqat Amanat Ali, Shankar Mahadevan and Carolisa. The texture is therefore a polyphonic one. The leading voice is a tenor. The orchestra and chorus be present throughout the tenor and contribute significantly to the song. The orchestra comprises instruments of both the Indian classical music tradition as well as the Western music tradition. For instance, the Indian Tabla and the electric guitar are both discernible in the refrain (ref. 147 of the song). The form of the song, manage most mainstream Bollywood music, is strophic. The tune of the first stanza is ingeminate for later stanzas there is a common refrain as well. The device of counterpoint is likewise used at times, notably around 215 when the singer sings a taan, or a rapid progression of melodic notes. Mitwa is different from the typical Western popular song in several ways. The instruments it puts to use, like the Tabla and the Indian keyboard Harmonium, are not heard in mainstream pop music in America. If one were to compare it with something like Eminems Lose Yourself, the difference emerges mature away. Lose Yourself is entirely a rap song with address that are spoken rather than sung to a repetitive percussion. Melody and harmony are not integral parts of a rap song. In Mitwa however, the orchestral music and melody of the songs are crucial to the song. Mitwa also has musical interludes and refrains that are genuinely different from the refrain in Lose Yourself which is primarily rap. Bob Dylans The Times They Are A-Changin belongs firmly to the traditions of Folk and Country & Western music. Comparing it with Mitwa also reveals differences. Dylans song relies primarily on the content of his lyrics to carry it through. The song itself is sung simply with a minimalist acoustic guitar accompaniment. This is in stark line of work with Mitwa which uses an extravagant orchestra throughout. Mitwa can be contrasted against a Bluesy track like Creams Crossroads too. Crossroads has an eight-note riff in its rhythm section whereas Mitwa has a refrain that is dominated by the percussive sounds of the Tabla and the Interlude music. This song has several eclectic features. The uses of an orchestra ensemble, the fusion of Western and Indian music and the use of English words in the lyrics are all its defining features. In this it is similar to the Western tradition of the musical and call-and-response urban gospel music. In both these styles there is the front end of a chorus, usually there is also an orchestra ensemble. The polyphonic texture and importance of melody are also common features. Mitwa can be compared to a song like I Will Follow Him from the Sister Act soundtrack which has a similar buildup. It starts out with just the vocals then there is the introduction of the percussion and serial instruments and finally the climax with the entire chorus and orchestra. I liked the song because of its lilting tune that slowly builds up into a catchier beat. I

Responding to classmates' work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Responding to classmates work - Essay ExampleThe whole reference active Palestine Liberation Organization, bombings, shootings and suicide alone refer to the routine lives which the western world does not understand. Thus MIA, like other artists all over the world, uses the entertainment platform to educate the audience about their problems which they cannot through any other means.I would like to say that culture and identities be all created to keep ones own interests in check. Since the resources in the world are scarce, people had to create their own identities to stamp their names on a particular resource to keep it safe from others. Thus my belief is anti-Tomlinson that cultural identity is a victim, not product, of globalization. As a rationalist I believe that everybody selfishly thinks about oneself and protects ones resources. Having British accents in the movie is a sign that the universe parallel to our own willing have people that are just like the people in UK thus showing enforcing the superiority of the UK. Now since the flow of information is universal collectable to globalization, it is even more than important for people to protect their own interests. Thus cultural or group identities are indeed becoming ever more meaningful as entities themselves.Globalization is a worldwide phenomenon yet the western world is involved in it than the eastern.

To what extent does personality predict employee performance How do Essay

To what extent does disposition predict employee performance How do personality traits translate into separates profession - Essay ExampleBehaviorists assumed large number to be no more than a set of a myriad of learned responses to dissimilar environmental stimuli and reinforcements (Ayers, 2007). However, most of the contemporary research has opted to reject these two views due to their extremism. Contemporary research now takes a more commonsense approach in attempting to clearly define personality, the approach taken by this research is careful not to overlook some of the common traits such as sociability and perseveration which are key in the determination of an individuals behavior (Ayers, 2007). genius traits are defined as various dimensions of a single individuals personal differences they are essentially a set of distinguishing characteristics and qualities of a given individual. Traits determine the readiness of a person to consistently act, think or feel in a relati vely similar manner when exposed to a variety of situations and stimuli (Ayers, 2007). The Different Concepts and Theories Used to Determine and Individuals Personality and Their Personality Traits There are essentially two approaches that are used in the determination of an individuals personality. These two approaches are the idiographic and nomothetic approach. The idiographic approach essentially tries to study the given individuals personality as compared to another individual. In trying to gain a minute and deeper understanding of the individual, it looks at the persons complexity, uniqueness as well as the richness. Over time, there are several key concepts and theories pertaining to personality that set out been developed. One of these theories is the theory formulated by Carl Jung that is used to classify individuals as either having and introverted personality or an extraverted one. According to this theory, introverts tend to be reliable, shy, quiet and much like to pl an things well in advance, this is in addition to their often being pessimistic. Inversely, extraverts are seen to extremely sociably as they often do not like being alone, they often tend to have a lot of friends, have an optimistic nature and tend to enjoy parties. In formulating this theory, Jung is seen to make a personality type matrix that is mainly based on four key functions that are normally used by people in the event that they are other individuals, situations or things. These four functions are feeling, sensing, intuition and thinking. According to Jung, everyone tends to make use of these functions but the inherent proportions tend to be vastly different. Jurgen Eysenck also developed a trait theory that has continued to be largely influential. The theory developed by Jurgen have been shown to mainly be genetically based. The model developed by Jurgen offers a means that helps in appropriately linking behavior, traits and types. The theory claims that each individual pe rson essentially has a real set of various identifiable traits which eventual form a trait cluster and the successive personality structure is then found to be gradable (Hayes, 2005). It was Charles Horton Cooley who was responsible for the development of the looking class self-concept.

The Microsoft as a Service Provider Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

The Microsoft as a Service Provider - Essay ExampleIn this case, the nine states are responsible for regulating the operations of Microsoft, the reason wherefore they have instituted a legal case against Microsoft for trying to undermine Linux, a scenario seen as likely to scuttle competition in the industry which is detrimental to sparing growth. This also has negative effects with regards to promotion of competition in the industry.b) Basically, an ethical consideration specifically refers to something that is generally accepted as morally, socially and even economically good for various stakeholders that is the general population as a whole which is affected by the operations of a particular organization. In this regard, we would be flavour at how the operations say of an other(a) company can impact on the welfare of different stakeholders who are either directly or indirectly involved in its operations.In the given case study, it can be clearly seen that the nine U.S. states a re up in arms with the software giant, Microsoft as they have a court case against it for allegedly trying to undermine an open source operating system rival Linux. In the ongoing antimonopoly court case, the nine states are advocating tougher action against Microsoft which is seen as having violated its ethical code of conduct for trying to work underground in a compact to stifle the operating system developed by another different, rival software company. Ethically, there should be no company that should violate the operations of other different organizations. Therefore, by trying to stifle Linux, Microsoft would not be acting in a professional and ethical manner as expected by different stakeholders as this would discourage competition within the industry. This is clearly shown in the case where the nine states argue that the judge should take as evidence the memorandum by the executive of Microsoft.

Organizing, researching andillustrating your material Essay

Organizing, researching andillustrating your material - Essay ExampleFrom the preliminary investigation carried out by the Headquarters these dissatisfaction signals, which have resulted in declining employee morale and productivity, are partly attributable to 1) perceived exclusion in decision making on certain technical issues/processes, and 2) increased workload without earnings for additional hours spent time by salaried employees.Given these regrettable happenings the President has mandated me to carry out a field research to investigate the disposition and extent of the problems, identify causes and effect of the problems on branch performance and recommend solutions to the problems identified. This go forth require conducting interviews, survey of clients and review of records and policy documents in your branch. I will be in the office for one week. I therefore need your full cooperation and support by making available your hr program and policy documents, staff performan ce appraisal records and procedural manuals. I will also appreciate your assistance in making arrangements for meetings with your departmental managers and a sample of clients in the last six months.The Headquarters put high premium on your outstanding performance. You have personally been very supportive of our reform drives and I am looking forward to working together with you towards solving these emerging problems.Wages and salaries of managerial and staff persons are the least

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay Example for Free

foetal inebriant Syndrome EssayFetal intoxi squirttic beverage syndrome (FAS) is a set of carnal and mental birth geological faults that can result when a woman confounds inebriant during her pregnancy. When a enceinte woman drinks alcoholic beverageic drink, much(prenominal) as beer, wine, or mixed drinks, so does her bodge. alcohol passes through the placenta remunerate into the developing baby. The baby may suffer lifelong damage as a result. FAS is characterized by brain damage, nervus facialis deformities, and growth deficits. Heart, lie withr, and kidney defects similarly ar common, as well as vision and perceive problems. Individuals with FAS claim difficulties with learning, attention, memory, and problem solving. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is an umbrella term describing the range of effects that can arrive in an individual whose pay back drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may embroil strong-arm, mental, behavioral, and/o r learning disabilities with possible lifelong implications. The term FASD is non intended for use as a clinical diagnosis. FASD c oers different terms such as Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) the only diagnosis given by doctors.Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) reserved for individuals with functional or cognitive impairments linked to antenatal alcohol characterisation, including decreased head size at birth, structural brain abnormalities, and a pattern of behavioral and mental abnormalities Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) describes the physical defects linked to prenatal alcohol exposure, including heart, skeletal, kidney, ear, and eye malformations Fetal alcohol effects (fuel-air explosive) a term that has been popularly used to describe alcohol-exposed individuals whose coach does not make full the full criteria for an FAS diagnosis What ar the Statistics and Facts about FAS and FASD?FASD is the withdrawing noticen preventable cause of mental re tardation and birth defects. FASD affects 1 in 100 live births or as m distributively as 40,000 infants individually year. An individual with foetal alcohol syndrome can incur a lifetime health cost of over $800,000. In 2003, fetal alcohol syndrome cost the United States $5. 4 billiondirect costs were $3. 9 billion, while indirect costs added another $1. 5 billion. Children do not outgrow FASD. The physical and behavioral problems can put out for a lifetime. FAS and FASD ar found in all racial and socio-economic groups. FAS and FASD argon not genetic disorders. Women with FAS or affected by FASD accept healthy babies if they do not drink alcohol during their pregnancy.Can I drink alcohol when I am pregnant? No. Do not drink alcohol when you are pregnant. When you drink alcohol, such as beer, wine, or mixed drinks, so does your baby. Alcohol is a nerve center known to be harmful to human development. When it reaches the profligate supply of the baby, it can cause permanent de fects to the major organs and central nervous system. Is thither any kind of alcohol that is safe to drink during pregnancy? No. Drinking any kind of alcohol can hurt your baby. Alcoholic drinks can include beer, wine, liquor, wine coolers, or mixed drinks. What if I am pregnant and name been drinking? If you drank alcohol before you knew you were pregnant, stop drinking now.Anytime a pregnant woman stops drinking, she decreases the risk of harm to the baby. If you are trying to get pregnant, do not drink alcohol. You may not know you are pregnant right away. What if I drank during my last pregnancy and my baby was fine? Every pregnancy is different. Drinking alcohol may hurt one baby to a greater extent than another. You could have one nestling that is natural healthy and another child that is born with problems. What if a friend, partner, spouse or family member is drinking while pregnant? to a greater extent women are unaware of the consequences of drinking during pregnancy. Some women believe wine or beer is not alcohol. In many cases, she may be suffering from alcoholism.She may neediness to know what effects alcohol can have on the baby. She also may need help getting into treatment. In such cases, you should contact a treatment professional at a local addiction center for advice on how to help. http//www. nofas. org/faqs. aspx? id=5 Copyright 2001-2004 National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome An individuals place, and success, in society is al about entirely determined by neurological functioning. A neurologically injured child is unable to meet the expectations of parents, family, peers, school, career and can allow a lifetime of failures. The largest cause of neurological damage in children is prenatal exposure to alcohol.These children grow up to become adults. Often the neurological damage goes undiagnosed, unless not unpunished. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE), Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS), Alcohol relate Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ARND), Static Encephalopathy (alcohol exposed) (SE) and Alcohol Related Birth Defects (ARBD) are all names for a spectrum of disorders caused when a pregnant woman consumes alcohol. There are strategies that can work to help the child with an FASD spread over for rough difficulties. Early and intensive intervention and tutoring can do wonders, but the need for a supportive coordinate is permanent.Studies on addiction in Ontario have shown about a 10 12% alcohol addiction rate among adults, with another 20% drinking to a level that places them at amply risk. legally intoxicated is defined as a Blood Alcohol Level of . 08%. A 100 lb (45 kg) female consuming 5 cadence drinks (A drink equals a 12 oz. stiff beer, 1 oz. shot of 100 proof liquor, 1. 5 oz. shot of 80 proof liquor, or 4 oz. glass of regular table wine) will reach a BAL of . 25% three times the legal limit. BAL reduces . 01% per hour. The Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Heal th Survey, 2000/01 found that 6. 8% of girls ages 12 to 14 19. 8% of girls age 12 to 19 26. 0% ages 20 to 24 19. 9% ages 20 to 34 consumed 5 or to a greater extent drinks on each occasion 12 or more times per year.An additional 32. 2% ages 15 to 34 13. 8% of girls ages 12 to 14 consumed 5 or more drinks on each occasion 1 to 11 times per year. Copyright 2005 Journals and Procedural Research Branch Office of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Most girls are 2 to 3 months pregnant before they find out. Given the prime childbearing age range, the odds are very high that about 20% of babies have been exposed to multiple binges in high levels of alcohol in the first trimester, before the girl even knew she was pregnant. It is Party Hearty Time. The immense volume of these girls are NOT alcoholics. About 50% of pregnancies are unplanned.If you are drinking, stay out of the backseat as well as the drivers seat Maternal prenatal alcohol consumption even at lo w levels is adversely related to child behavior. The effect was observed at average exposure levels as low as 1 drink per week. The Canadian Centre for Childrens Research at McMaster University Hospitals (Hamilton Ontario) states that 20% of Canadian children have serious mental health issues. Typical of school boards in Canada, a major southwestern Ontario School Board (urban / rural mix) with 28,000 Elementary and Secondary School students, has 6,000 students receiving services from the Special Education Department.Of the 6,000, only 250 are classified ad as Gifted with the balance having significant disabilities (20. 6%). While not all the individuals with disabilities are identified as the disabilities having been caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol, the vast majority of the disabilities are of types known to be caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. FASD is so grossly under-reported that the FAS statistics are al well-nigh meaningless. There are very few doctors who have recei ved any training in diagnosing FASD and most prefer to use non-judgmental diagnoses such as ADD, ADHD, LD, MR, RAD, ODD, Bi-Polar, Tourettes, etc.. These diagnoses dont imply the mother has done something that could have affected her baby during pregnancy.However, they can also lead to inappropriate treatment and a lifetime of pain. Failure to identify the real source can lead to more children being born with the very(prenominal) issues to the same mothers and the cycle continuing into the next generation FASD children having FASD babies. Alcohol, hormones, a twitch in the kilt, poor impulse stimulate and inability to predict consequences are a deadly combination. Accidents cause people. FASD is not a threshold condition. It is a continuum ranging from mild intellectual and behavioural issues to the extreme that a lot leads to profound disabilities or premature death. Denial is not just a river in Egypt. Alcohol as a Teratogen on the Baby ? http//www. acbr. com/fas/.Problem Fet al Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of mental and physical defects which develops in some unborn babies when the mother drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy. A baby born with FAS may be seriously handicapped and require a lifetime of special care. Some babies with alcohol-related birth defects, including smaller body size, lower birth weight, and other impairments, do not have all of the classic FAS symptoms. These symptoms are sometimes referred to as Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Researchers do not all fit on the precise distinctions amid FAS and FAE cases. Cause of the Problem Alcohol in a pregnant womans bloodstream circulates to the fetus by crossing the placenta.There, the alcohol interferes with the ability of the fetus to receive sufficient oxygen and nourishment for normal cell development in the brain and other body organs. Possible FAS Symptoms maturation deficiencies small body size and weight, slower than normal development and failure to catch up. The fact she ets below were developed by many different authors. In some cases, the fact sheets were placed on the web by a different organization than the one that wrote the document. However, all of the fact sheets are in the humankind domain to encourage wide distribution. You are free to copy and use these fact sheets. The following list of abbreviations was used to indicate the source of the document in the links provided on this page.Many of the sites listed contain additional information beyond the fact sheets that are listed on this page. We encourage you to explore each site. http//www. well. com/user/woa/fsfas. htm RSmith02-15-94 moment DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse 1706 East Elm P. O. Box 687 Jefferson City, Missouri 65102 The following Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are caused by drinking alcohol during pregnancy FAS Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Symptoms include small head/body, facial characteristics, brain damage FAE Fetal Alcohol Effects Sympt oms usually not visible, such as behavior disorders, attention deficits ARBD Alcohol Related Birth Defects.Anomalies such as heart defects, sight/hearing problems, joint anomalies, etc. ARND Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders Disorders such as attention deficits, behavior disorders, obsessive/compulsive disorder, etc. FASD Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders alone of the disorders named to a higher place are contained in the spectrum. Full FAS comprises only about 10% of the spectrum. The other 90% may have fewer physical symptoms but are at greater risk for developing serious indirect conditions later. (Streissguth, 1997) FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation in western civilization. But Most persons with FAS have an IQ in the normal range. (Streissguth, 1997).The incidence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in America is 1. 9 cases per 1,000 births (1/500). Incidence of babies with disabilities resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure 1/100 FAS/FAE is a major health issu e in western civilization today. More American babies are born with FAS than with Down Syndrome, MD, and HIV combined. Alcohol causes more neurological damage to the developing baby than any other substance. Lecture Summary Fetal alcohol syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental retardation and as such, it is a major public health problem. The purpose of this lecture is to provide a basic overview of what we know about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure.It is certainly not meant to be comprehensive but rather to give a broad overview of current knowledge in the area, and of ongoing human and wight research in the area. Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure can result in the fetal alcohol syndrome and both changes in brain structure and behavior have been reported in these children. Importantly, current entropy indicate that individuals exposed to heavy doses of alcohol in utero, but without the facial characteristics of FAS, can also suffer from similar brain and behavioral changes. Animal models have proven to be an excellent research tool in this field, as there appears to be good concordance between the animal and human selective information.The animal models provide a means to examine mechanisms of alcohol damage, to control for factors not possible in most human studies, and to help answer important clinical questions. Fetal alcohol effects are preventable, and either child born with a defect related to prenatal alcohol exposure indicates a failure of the health care system. Lecturer Dr. Ed Riley http//rsoa. org/lectures/07/index. html Background Fetal alcohol syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental retardation and as such, it is a major public health problem. The purpose of this lecture is to provide a basic overview of what we know about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure.It is certainly not meant to be comprehensive. For more detailed overview, the following references might be helpful. It is important to loo k upon that as the mother consumes alcohol and her blood alcohol level rises, that alcohol is freely crossing the placenta and the embryo or fetus is being exposed to the same blood alcohol levels. References Stratton, K. , Howe, C. , Battaglia, F. (1996). Fetal alcohol syndrome Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC National Academy Press. Streissguth, A. P. (1997). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome A Guide for Families and Communities. Baltimore Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. BackgroundFetal alcohol syndrome is among the most common known causes of mental retardation and as such, it is a major public health problem. The purpose of this lecture is to provide a basic overview of what we know about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. It is certainly not meant to be comprehensive. For more detailed overview, the following references might be helpful. It is important to remember that as the mother consumes alcohol and her blood alcohol level rises, that alcohol is freely crossing the placenta and the embryo or fetus is being exposed to the same blood alcohol levels. References Stratton, K. , Howe, C. , Battaglia, F. (1996).Fetal alcohol syndrome Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC National Academy Press. Streissguth, A. P. (1997). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome A Guide for Families and Communities. Baltimore Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Background What each of these papers described was a common set of features that could occur in the offspring of mothers who drank heavily during their pregnancies. This constellation of features was named the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in 1973 by Jones and colleagues. In order to be diagnosed as having FAS, the individual MUST meet all three criteria. There is a specific pattern of facial anomalies, which will be shown shortly. There is pre and or postnatal growth deficiency.Usually the children are born small (7drinks/week 5 or more drinks per occasion). The data on the left(a) sid e of the slide come from Louise Floyd of the CDC. The first four studies were sponsored by the CDC and the other two estimates on the left side come from the IOM report (Stratton, 1996). AI/AN stands for American Indian/Alaska Native. The numbers on the right side are from a recent study by Sampson et al. , (1997). They demonstrated rates of FAS of at least 2. 8/1000 live births in Seattle, 4. 6/1000 in Cleveland, and between 1. 3 and 4. 8/1000 in Roubaix, France. Interestingly, in this study they estimate the prevalence in Seattle for FAS and ARND at 9. 1/1000 births.This would mean that nearly 1 in every 100 children is affected by prenatal alcohol exposure. The last number from South Africa is from recent work done by Phil May and colleagues. References Egeland G, Perham-Hester KA, Gessner BD, Ingle D, Berner JE,Middaugh JP. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in Alaska, 1977 through 1992 An administrative prevalence derived from multiple data sources. American Journal of Public Health. 1998 . 88(5) 781-786. Aberdeen IHS Area (1995) MMWR. vol 44()253-261. BDMP (1995) MMWR Vol. 44(13)249-253. Atlanta, Ga. (1997) MMWR Vol. 46(47) 1118-1120. Sampson, P. D. , Streissguth, A. P. , Bookstein, F. L. , Little, R. E. , Clarren, S. K. , Dehaene, P. , Hanson, J. W. , Graham, J. M. , Jr. (1997).Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and prevalence of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Teratology, 56(5), 317-326. Stratton, K. , Howe, C. , Battaglia, F. (1996). Fetal alcohol syndrome Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC National Academy Press. found of Medicine 1996 Clinic-based (page 89), American Indian/Alaskan Native (page 88) May, P. , Viljoen, D. , Gossage, J. , Brooke, L. , Croxford, J. (1999). An epidemiological analysis of data from children with fetal alcohol syndrome and controls in Wellington, South Africa. Alcoholism Clinical and data-based Research, 23 (5), 110A. May, P. , Viljoen, D. , Gossage, J. , Brooke, L. , Croxford, J (1999) .An update on the maternal risk factors associated with the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in Wellington, South Africa. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 23 (5), 91A Background It must be stressed that the facial characteristics basically define FAS. Without these facial features, one cannot be diagnosed with FAS. In particular, the discriminating features are short palpebral fissures (the continuance of the eye opening), a flat midface, an indistinct or flat philtrum (the ridge under the nose), and a thin upper vermilion (lip). While each of these can occur in a variety of disorders, the combination of these features appears to be consistent with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure.Children with FAS can also have other facial features, such as epicanthal folds (tiny folds of tissues along the eye opening), a low nasal bridge, an underdeveloped jaw and minor ear anomalies. These individuals can also have a variety of associated features. Heart defects, skeletal anoma lies, altered palmar creases (those creases on your hands), and urogenital anomalies are among the anomalies found more frequently in FAS. Reference Streissguth, A. P. (1994). A semipermanent perspective of FAS , Alcohol Health Research World (Vol. 18, pp. 74-81). painting Facies in fetal alcohol syndrome Background The brain on the left was obtained from a 5-day-old child with FAS while the brain on the right is a control. The effects are obvious.The brain on the left suffers from microencephaly (small brain) and migration anomalies (neural and glia cells did not migrate to their proper jam in the brain, but instead many of them simply migrated to the top of the cortex). Although it cannot be seen here, there is also agenesis of the lead callosum and the ventricles are dilated. The corpus callosum is the major fictitious character tract connecting the two hemispheres of the brain (more on this later). Major findings of other autopsies of children with FAS have found microcepha ly, hydrocephaly, cerebral dysgenesis, neuroglial heterotopias, corpus callosum anomalies, ventricle anomalies, and cerebellar anomalies.It must be pointed out, however, that these autopsies have typically been conducted only on the most severe cases, since these children often have enough problems that they do not survive. The interested reader on the pathological changes that occur in FAS is referred to the following articles. References Clarren, S. K. (1986). Neuropathology in fetal alcohol syndrome. In J. R. West (Ed. ), Alcohol and Brain Development (pp. 158-166). New York Oxford University Press. Roebuck, T. M. , Mattson, S. N. , and Riley, E. P. (1998). A review of the neuroanatomical findings in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 22 (2),339-344.Image brain damage resulting from prenatal alcohol Background The image on the left is a normal midsaggital MRI scan of the human brain with the cerebr um and cerebellum pointed out. The data on the right show the simplification in size of the these two areas in children with FAS and PEA. PEA stands for Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol, and includes children with known histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure, but who lack the features necessary for a diagnosis of FAS. As can be seen, the extent of reduction in the volume of both the cerebrum and cerebellum is significant. While the PEA group shows a reduction in volume, with these sample sizes, this is not a significant difference.Other brain imaging studies indicate disproportionate size reductions in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and corpus callosum. The data are presented as percent of normal matched controls. References Mattson, S. N. , Jernigan, T. L. , Riley, E. P. (1994a). MRI and prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Health Research World, 18(1), 49-52. Archibald, S. L. , Fennema-No analyseine, C. , Gamst, A. , Riley, E. P. , Mattson, S. N. , and Jernigan, T. L. (submitte d, 2000). Brain dysmorphology in individuals with severe prenatal alcohol exposure. image change in brain size Background One anomaly that has been seen in FAS is agenesis of the corpus callosum.While not common, it occurs in FAS cases (6%) more frequently than in the general population (0. 1%) or in the developmentally disabled population (2-3%). In fact it has been suggested that FAS may be the most common cause of agenesis of the corpus callosum. In the top left picture, is a control brain. The other images are from children with FAS. In the top middle the corpus callosum is present, but it is very thin at the posterior section of the brain. In the upper right the corpus callosum is essentially missing. The bottom two pictures are from a 9 year old girl with FAS. She has agenesis of the corpus callosum and the large dark area in the back of her brain above the cerebellum is a condition known as coprocephaly.It is essentially empty space. Most children with FAS do have a corpus ca llosum, although it may be reduced in size. The reduction in size occurs primarily in the front and rear portions (genu and splenium). One interesting item is that this same pattern of reduction in the genu and splenium has been found in ADHD children. The behavioral problems seen in FAS frequently are similar to those seen in ADHD. References Mattson, S. N. , Jernigan, T. L. , Riley, E. P. (1994a). MRI and prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Health Research World, 18(1), 49-52. Mattson, S. N. , Riley, E. P. (1995). Prenatal exposure to alcohol What the images reveal.Alcohol Health Research World, 19(4), 273-277. Riley, E. P. , Mattson, S. N. , Sowell, E. R. , Jernigan, T. L. , Sobel, D. F. , Jones, K. L. (1995). Abnormalities of the corpus callosum in children prenatally exposed to alcohol. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 19(5), 1198-1202. Background There have been over a dozen retrospective studies of children with FAS (total N = 269). Overall, these studies, s uch as the Seattle studies or studies out of Germany, reported an overall mean IQ of 72. 26 (range of means = 47. 4-98. 2). The data presented here were collected in San Diego, CA as part of a project at the Center for Behavioral Teratology.The mean IQ exertions of children with FAS were compared to alcohol-exposed children with few if any features of FAS. All children in this study were exposed prenatally to high amounts of alcohol, however only the FAS group displayed the craniofacial anomalies and growth deficits associated with the diagnosis. The other group was designated as having prenatal exposure to alcohol (PEA) and had enter exposure to high levels of alcohol but were not dysmorphic, microcephalic, or growth-retarded. In comparison to normal controls, both groups of alcohol-exposed children displayed significant deficits in overall IQ handbills as well as deficits on most of the subtest scores.While the PEA subjects usually obtained marginally higher IQ scores than thos e with FAS, few significant differences were found between the two alcohol-exposed groups. These results indicate that high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure are related to an increased risk for deficits in intellectual functioning and that these deficits can occur in children without all of the physical features required for a diagnosis of FAS. Our PEA subjects may be somewhat similar to individuals identified by other groups as having FAE, however individuals with PEA display few if any of the facial features of FAS, and are not growth retarded or microcephalic. ReferencesStreissguth AP, Aase JM, Clarren SK, Randels SP, LaDue RA, Smith DF (1991). Fetal alcohol syndrome in adolescents and adults. Journal of the American Medical Association 2651961-1967. Mattson, S. N. , Riley, E. P. , Gramling, L. , Delis, D. C. , and Jones, K. L. (1997). Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure with or without physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome leads to IQ deficits. Journal of Pediatrics, 131 (5 ), 718-721. Mattson, S. N. and Riley, E. P. (1998). A review of the neurobehavioral deficits in children with fetal alcohol syndrome or prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 22 (2), 279-294. image general intellectual performance Background.This was a study of a broad range of neuropsychological tests, such as The Wide Range Achievement show- which assesses academic skills, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Boston Naming test-both assessment of basic language functioning, the California Verbal Learning Test-a list learning and memory test, the Visual-Motor Integration Test which quantitys basic visual-perceptual skills, the well-grooved Pegboard test-a test of fine-motor speed and coordination, and the Childrens Category Test-a measure of non vocal learning. Along the x-axis are the tests included in the battery for comparison purposes, all scores were converted to standard scores with a mean of 100 and an SD of 15. Children with F AS or PEA showed deficits in comparison to controls and they were very similar to each other.There does seem to be some indication that the nonverbal measures (on the right of the slide) are not as impaired as the verbal and academic measures, which are on the left and center of the slide. The take home message is that children with FAS and those exposed to high amounts of alcohol, but without the characteristics required for a diagnosis of FAS, are similarly impaired. The FAS children tend to be a bit worsened than the PEA children, but the pattern of behavioral deificits is fairly similar over a wide range of tests. References Mattson, S. N. , Riley, E. P. , Gramling, L. , Delis, D. C. , Jones, K. L. (1998). Neuropsychological comparison of alcohol-exposed children with or without physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome. Neuropsychology, 12(1), 146-153.image neuropsychological performanceBackground In addition to the abilities already discussed, a few studies have documented other specific neuropsychological deficits in individuals with FAS. Children with prenatal alcohol exposure, with and without FAS, have demonstrated various deficits on measures of executive functioning. These measures have revealed problems in areas such as planning (tower task-shown above), cognitive flexibility (trails test), inhibition (stroop test), and belief formation and reasoning (word context tests). Generally, performance on these measures is characterized by increased errors and more difficulty adhering to rules.Therefore, children are less successful overall. For example, on the tower measure shown above (Tower of California-similar to Tower of London), children with FAS and PEA passed fewer items overall and made more rule violations than controls. The only two rules were to never place a larger spell on top of a smaller one and to move only one piece at a time. As can be seen the alcohol exposed children had many more rule violations. In addition, deficits have been found on the WCST (Wisconsin Card Sort Test), a nonverbal measure of problem solving. The WCST test requires both problem solving and cognitive flexibility and has been proposed to be sensitive to frontal system dysfunction.This test is a gold standard in the measure of executive functioning in neuropsychology. Children with prenatal exposure to alcohol made more errors and had more difficulty with the conceptual nature of the task than controls. New data indicate that they have trouble identifying and defining concepts. Finally, tests of planning ability are also thought to be sensitive to frontal systems dysfunction although few such studies have been done in individuals with FAS. On the Progressive Planning Test which is similar to the Tower of London test children with FAS/FAE had difficulty with planning up and tended to perseverate on incorrect strategies. So far the results could be summarized as1) Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with a wide range of neurobeha vioral deficits including visuospatial functioning, verbal and nonverbal learning, and executive functioning 2) Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure causes microcephaly and disproportionate reductions in the corpus callosum, basal ganglia, and cerebellum 3) Children with and without physical features of the fetal alcohol syndrome display qualitatively similar deficits References Carmichael O.H. , Feldman JJ, Streissguth AP, Gonzalez RD Neuropsychological deficits and life adjustment in adolescents and adults with fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 16380, 1992 Kodituwakku PW, Handmaker NS, Cutler SK, Weathersby EK, Handmaker SD specialized impairments in self-regulation in children exposed to alcohol prenatally. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 191558-1564, 1995 Mattson, S. N. , Goodman, A. M. , Caine, C. , Delis, D. C. , Riley, E. P. (1999).Executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism, Clinical and Ex perimental Research, 23(11), 1808-1815. Background Secondary disabilities are those disabilities that the individual is not born with, and hopefully with appropriate intervention could be ameliorated. This slide illustrates the extent of these secondary disabilities as a function of age. These are individuals with FAS and FAE. As can be seen over 90% of these individuals have mental health problems and about 50% of those over the age of 12 have disrupted school experiences, trouble with the law, which is frequently severe enough to require confinement.They also engage in relatively high rates of inappropriate sexual behavior and a significant number have alcohol and drug abuse problems. Interestingly, the factors that are protective against these secondary disabilities are Being raised in a stable, nurturant home, diagnosis before the age of 6, no sexual or physical abuse, not changing households every few years, not living in a poor quality home, and receiving Developmental Disabil ities services. References Streissguth, A. P. , Barr, H. M. , Kogan, J. , Bookstein, F. L. (1996). Final Report Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE). Seattle, WA University of Washington Publication Services. Image secondary disabilities Background.Much of what we know about FAS and the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure is the result of work on animal models. After FAS was identified it became important to demonstrate that the effects were indeed the result of alcohol exposure and not due to factors such as other drugs, maternal conditions, or nutritional variables. The development of appropriate animal models was very important in this regard. Models were developed for assessing physical features of FAS as well as the behavioral, neuroanatomical, and neurochemical profiles of prenatal alcohol exposure. The ideal test animal would absorb, metabolize and eliminate alcohol similar to hum an, transport alcohol and metabolites across.